• Skip to Content
  • Skip to Main Navigation
  • Skip to Search

Indiana University Bloomington Indiana University Bloomington IU Bloomington

Open Search Menu

The College of Arts & Sciences

Department of Biology

  • Home
  • About
    • Message from the Chair
    • Faculty
    • Research Associates & Postdocs
    • Staff
    • Graduate Students
    • Administration
    • Offices & Centers
    • Diversity & Inclusion
    • Outreach
    • History
    • About Bloomington
  • Undergraduate
    • Biology
    • Biotechnology
    • Microbiology
    • Molecular Life Sciences
    • Research & Teaching Opportunities
    • Honors Program
    • Advising
    • Awards & Scholarships
    • Student Experience
    • Graduate & Professional Program Preparation
    • Career Preparation
  • Graduate
    • Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior Ph.D.
    • Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology Ph.D.
    • Microbiology Ph.D.
    • Biotechnology M.S.
    • Multidisciplinary & Affiliated Programs
    • Advising
    • Financial Support
    • Awards & Fellowships
    • Life Assistance
    • Career Preparation
    • Alumni Career Spotlights
    • How to Apply
  • Research
    • Research Faculty
    • Associated Research Faculty
    • Research Strengths
    • Centers, Instrumentation, & Resources
    • Faculty Awards
  • News & Events
    • News
    • Events Calendar
    • Seminars
    • Named Lectures
    • Discussion Groups & Journal Clubs
    • Annual GCDB Retreat
    • Annual Microbiology Retreat
    • Newsletters
  • Alumni & Giving
  • Search
  • Contact
  • Student Portal
  • Donate
  • News
  • Events Calendar
  • Seminars
  • Named Lectures
  • Discussion Groups & Journal Clubs
  • Annual GCDB Retreat
  • Annual Microbiology Retreat
  • Newsletters
  • Home
  • News & Events
  • News
  • 2019 News
  • $3.3M NIH MIRA grant will fund study of cell wall synthesis in bacterial "superbug"

$3.3M NIH MIRA grant will fund study of cell wall synthesis in bacterial "superbug"

Thursday, October 3, 2019

Super-resolution micrograph of Streptococcus pneumoniae cells labelled with probes for PG synthesis.
Saturn-like red patterns result from the separation of the PG synthesis machines in Streptococcus pneumoniae cells. Image courtesy of Malcolm Winkler

Malcolm Winkler will investigate cell wall synthesis in Streptococcus pneumoniae to find new vulnerabilities of bacterial pathogens.

Indiana University microbiologist Malcolm Winkler has been awarded a $3.3-million, five-year grant from the NIH National Institute of General Medical Sciences to study the dynamics and regulation of peptidoglycan (PG) cell wall synthesis in the "superbug" Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus). Dr. Winkler is a professor in the Department of Biology and adjunct core professor in the Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry in the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences. The grant is an Established Investigator MIRA (Maximizing Investigators' Research Award) that consolidates and renews previous NIH RO1 and Multiple Principal Investigator (MPI) grants to the Winkler laboratory.

Antibiotic resistance and evasion of treatment are increasing at alarming rates for numerous important bacterial pathogens—including S. pneumoniae—and represent a serious threat to human health worldwide. S. pneumoniae alone causes about 4 million infections (1.2 million that are drug-resistant) and about 25,000 deaths per year in the U.S.A. and over 1 million deaths per year worldwide, according to Dr. Winkler.

Malcolm Winkler.
Malcolm Winkler. Courtesy photo

The Winkler lab uses the “superbug” respiratory pathogen S. pneumoniae as a highly tractable model for ovoid-shaped pathogenic bacteria to understand different levels of regulation of PG cell wall synthesis. New findings about regulatory interactions and circuits have the potential to provide targets and reveal new vulnerabilities for future vaccine and antibiotic discovery.

The PG cell wall is a gigantic mesh-like polymer that protects bacteria from osmotic damage and determines cell size, shape, and chaining—required for survival in human hosts and environmental niches. In Gram-positive bacteria like S. pneumoniae, PG also acts as the scaffold for covalent attachment of other surface macromolecules required for growth, adhesion, and virulence interactions. The regulation of PG synthesis is a fundamentally important spatial and temporal biological problem that involves interactions, assembly, and disassembly of a large ensemble of proteins and expression of these proteins at levels that are correct for normal growth and changed during stress.

In S. pneumoniae cells, the midcell equator of newly divided cells is the site of future cell division and septum closure by PG synthesis (see figure). The midcell is also the site for side-wall-like PG elongation (peripheral synthesis) that gives S. pneumoniae cells their characteristic American-football shape. PG synthesis is carried out by enzyme complexes that contain penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs), which are the targets of β-lactam antibiotics such as penicillin. PBPs interact with other PG synthases and regulatory proteins, while PG hydrolases cut and remodel the PG mesh structure. The molecular nano-machines that carry out septal and peripheral PG synthesis are organized at equatorial midcells by the dynamics of tubulin-, actin-, and spectrin-like bundles and filaments.

Super-resolution micrographs of Streptococcus pneumoniae cells labelled with probes for PG synthesis.
Super-resolution micrographs of S. pneumoniae cells labelled with probes for PG synthesis. Old and newly synthesized PG are blue and red, respectively. Separation of the PG synthesis machines results in the “Saturn-like” red patterns (arrows). Figure courtesy of Malcolm Winkler

The MIRA grant will allow the Winkler lab to determine the composition, chronology, coordination, and regulation of these protein molecular machines at different stages of pneumococcal cell division. It will also support the lab in explicating mechanisms that control amounts of precursors required for PG synthesis. Questions about PG synthesis dynamics and regulation are being answered with a powerful combination of molecular genetic, physiological, cell biological (including high-resolution, TIRF, and single-molecule microscopy), and biochemical methods (including MS-based proteomics and UHPLC-MS determinations) to attack this multicomponent problem. Together, these findings will fill in major knowledge gaps about the regulation of PG synthesis in a model ovoid-shaped bacterium, identify functions of reported virulence factors, and provide new extracellular targets for antibiotics and vaccines.

The project has benefited greatly from collaborations with the IU Bloomington College of Arts and Sciences laboratories of Professors David Giedroc and Michael VanNieuwenhze (Chemistry) and Sidney Shaw (Biology), as well as from the outstanding light microscopy, biological mass spectroscopy, and genomics and bioinformatics cores on campus.

  • Faculty + Staff Intranet

Department of Biology social media channels

  • Twitter
  • Facebook
  • College of Arts & Sciences
  • Department of Biology

The College of Arts & Sciences

Indiana University

Copyright © 2025 The Trustees of Indiana University

Accessibility | College Scorecard | Privacy Notice

  • About
    • Message from the Chair
    • Faculty
      • Tenured + Tenure-Track Faculty
      • Teaching Faculty
      • Research Scientists
      • Faculty Emeriti
      • Faculty Affiliates
    • Research Associates & Postdocs
    • Staff
    • Graduate Students
    • Administration
    • Offices & Centers
    • Diversity & Inclusion
      • DEI Committee
    • Outreach
      • K-12 Educators
        • Biology Summer Institute
      • K-12 Students
        • Holland Summer Science Programs
          • Jim Holland Summer Enrichment Program in Biology (SEP)
          • Jim Holland Summer Science Research Program (SSRP)
          • Jim Holland Research Initiative in STEM Education (RISE)
      • Lessons
      • Outreach Activities
      • Outreach Coordinators
    • History
      • Faculty Emeriti
      • Historical Materials
    • About Bloomington
  • Undergraduate
    • Biology
      • Biology Learning Goals
      • Biology B.S.
        • Areas of Concentration
          • Biology of Disease
          • Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics
          • Integrative and Organismal Biology
      • Biology B.A.
      • Biology Minor
    • Biotechnology
      • Biotechnology Learning Goals
        • Biotechnology BS Learning Goals
        • Biotechnology BA Learning Goals
        • Biotechnology Minor Learning Goals
      • Program Design & Resources
      • Biotechnology B.S.
      • Biotechnology B.A.
      • Biotechnology B.S./M.S.
      • Biotechnology Minor
      • Demand and Employment Analysis
    • Microbiology
      • Microbiology B.S.
      • Microbiology B.A.
      • Microbiology Minor
    • Molecular Life Sciences
    • Research & Teaching Opportunities
      • Research Programs
      • Biology X490 Independent Study
      • Undergraduate Teaching Assistant
    • Honors Program
    • Advising
    • Awards & Scholarships
    • Student Experience
    • Graduate & Professional Program Preparation
    • Career Preparation
  • Graduate
    • Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior Ph.D.
      • Steps to become EEB student
      • Curriculum
      • EEB Faculty
    • Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology Ph.D.
      • Steps to become GCDB student
      • Curriculum
      • GCDB Faculty
    • Microbiology Ph.D.
      • Steps to become Microbiology student
      • Curriculum
      • Microbiology Faculty
    • Biotechnology M.S.
      • Program Plan + Curriculum
      • Financial Support
      • Biotechnology Faculty
    • Multidisciplinary & Affiliated Programs
    • Advising
    • Financial Support
    • Awards & Fellowships
    • Life Assistance
    • Career Preparation
    • Alumni Career Spotlights
    • How to Apply
  • Research
    • Research Faculty
    • Associated Research Faculty
    • Research Strengths
      • Behavior
      • Chromatin, chromosomes, and genome integrity
      • Developmental mechanisms and regulation in eukaryotic systems
      • Ecology
      • Eukaryotic cell biology, cytoskeleton, and signaling
      • Evolution
      • Genomics and bioinformatics
      • Microbial cell biology and environmental responses
      • Microbial interactions and pathogenesis
      • Plant molecular biology
      • Virology
    • Centers, Instrumentation, & Resources
      • Drosophila Research Resources
    • Faculty Awards
  • News & Events
    • News
    • Events Calendar
    • Seminars
    • Named Lectures
      • Distinguished Alumni Award Lecture
      • James P. Holland Lecture Series
      • Carlos O. Miller Lecture Series
      • Hermann J. Muller Award Lecture Series
      • Norman R. Pace Lecture Series
      • Tracy M. Sonneborn Lecture Series
      • Joan Wood Lecture Series
    • Discussion Groups & Journal Clubs
    • Annual GCDB Retreat
    • Annual Microbiology Retreat
      • Micro-lympics
      • Registration
    • Newsletters
      • BioNews Fall 2022
      • BioNews Archive
  • Alumni & Giving
  • Contact
  • Student Portal
    • Undergraduate
      • Biology
        • Biology B.S.
        • Biology B.A.
        • Biology Minor
      • Biotechnology
        • Biotechnology B.S.
        • Biotechnology B.A.
        • Biotechnology B.S./M.S.
        • Biotechnology Minor
      • Microbiology
        • Microbiology B.S.
        • Microbiology B.A.
        • Microbiology Minor
      • Molecular Life Sciences
      • Courses
        • Biology Exemption Exams
        • Course Scheduling
        • Course Evaluations
        • Biology X490 Independent Study
        • FAQs
      • Advising
      • Research Opportunities
      • Teaching Assistants
      • Honors Program
        • Eligibility
        • Honors Courses
        • Honors Thesis
        • Honors Faculty Advisors
        • How to Apply
      • Internships
    • Graduate
      • Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior Ph.D.
      • Genome, Cell, and Developmental Biology Ph.D.
      • Microbiology Ph.D.
      • Biotechnology M.S.
      • Multidisciplinary and Affiliated Programs
      • Courses
      • Transfer credits
      • Awards + funding
      • Financial Support
      • Teaching Support
      • Dissertation & Thesis Support
      • Services & Outreach
      • Submit News to Biology
      • Facilities & Resources
        • Computing Services
        • Constant Temperature Rooms
        • Dry Ice
        • Lactation Room
        • Room Reservations
          • All Rooms
          • Biology Bldg. 123
          • Biology Bldg. 248
          • Biology Bldg. A310
          • Biology Bldg. 422
          • Biology Bldg. 510
          • Myers Hall 115
          • Myers Hall 140
          • Myers Hall 209
          • Myers Hall 311
      • Student Academic Appointments
      • Bias incident reporting
      • Title IX incident reporting
    • Seminars
    • Ombudsperson
  • Donate

The College of Arts & Sciences